Released in October 2001, Windows XP was Microsoft's operating system that succeeded Windows 2000 and Windows Me. It became one of Microsoft's most popular operating systems ever, enjoying widespread adoption and use well into the late 2000s. Now over 20 years old, it is interesting to take an extended, detailed look back at Windows XP—its features, development history, reception, evolution, and enduring legacy.

The Development of Windows XP 

Work on Windows XP started in the late 1990s under the codename "Whistler," named after Whistler, British Columbia in Canada. It was based on the Windows NT kernel, unlike Windows Me which was built on the MS-DOS kernel. Microsoft focused on making Windows XP much more user-friendly, with a redesigned interface and significantly improved hardware support.

Some key new features introduced in Windows XP included:

- A redesigned Start menu with expanded customization options and the ability to group common programs.

- A streamlined taskbar with the new task-based grouping feature for app windows.

- ClearType, an innovative subpixel rendering anti-aliasing technology for much improved font clarity and readability on LCD monitors.

- Significantly faster start-up times and overall improved system performance compared to previous versions. 

- A brand new default "Bliss" wallpaper featuring a green hill overlooking a blue sky.

- Built-in CD burning functionality made easy through a “Burn to Disc” wizard.

- Universal Plug and Play support for connecting devices and peripherals much more seamlessly.

- Major improvements to the networking stack, including native support for newer wireless 802.11 standards. 

- Enhanced multimedia capabilities including a built-in audio CD player app.

During development in early 2001, Microsoft hit some roadblocks that forced cutbacks. The company had originally planned to make Windows XP tablet-capable with stylus input support, but this feature was scaled back due to time constraints, only appearing later in a special Tablet PC Edition. The new Windows Product Activation system, requiring a unique product key, also garnered criticism among privacy advocates. But overall, Microsoft positioned Windows XP as a major yet user-friendly evolution of the Windows operating system, particularly geared towards home users.

Reception and Adoption of Windows XP

Windows XP was well-received upon its official release in October 2001. Microsoft Chairman Bill Gates called it the “best Windows ever” at the time. It was seen as a major improvement over the poorly received Windows Me, with Windows XP introducing much higher reliability and stability along with its refined interface. Within just two months, Microsoft announced that Windows XP had already been installed on over 10 million computers, reflecting its early popularity. 

However, businesses and enterprises were slower to adopt Windows XP initially after having only recently transitioned to the newer Windows 2000. Microsoft continued supporting Windows 2000 until mid-2005 to ease this transition period. Consumer adoption of XP proved much faster. By 2004, with widespread driver support, Windows XP had become the most widely used desktop operating system globally—an astonishing achievement just a few years after its release.

Part of Windows XP's immense success was its timing, filling an ideal market need as consumer computing technology evolved in the early 2000s. It came about alongside rising adoption of broadband Internet access in homes, as well as newer affordable hardware like flat screen LCD monitors. These worked well with the improved multimedia and graphical capabilities offered in Windows XP. As a result, Windows XP became the defining OS experience an entire generation grew up with, as computing continued its inexorable march into mainstream culture.

The Evolution of Windows XP

Windows XP enjoyed a remarkably long period of relevancy and popularity through the 2000s. Microsoft continued support for XP, releasing two major service packs that improved performance and fixed bugs and security issues. They also continued adapting Windows XP for different form factors, including Windows XP Media Center Edition in 2002 targeted at home theater PCs.

But by 2009, Microsoft began shifting focus to its flashy new Windows Vista OS. Vista introduced revised security modules, new graphical effects, and improved networking—but also had higher system requirements. This made the lightweight, reliable XP an appealing choice for many, especially those running older hardware. Thus, the population of Windows XP users plateaued for some time despite Vista's release.

Mainstream support for Windows XP finally ended in April 2009—over 7 years after its initial launch. Microsoft continued providing security updates for XP until April 2014, when extended support officially ceased as well. This marked the discontinuation of Windows XP after an unprecedented 12+ years of support, another testament to its longevity and popularity.

The Enduring Legacy of Windows XP

However, Windows XP proved remarkably enduring, despite Microsoft ending support. As of 2021, internal Net Applications data showed it still commanded just under 2% of desktop operating system market share. A dedicated community of users kept the OS alive with unofficial patches and updates. Its iconic visual style and sounds remain burnt into the nostalgic memories of millions who grew up using XP. 

The legacy of Windows XP is that of a landmark consumer-focused OS, introducing innovative features and design that impacted later versions of Windows. Combined with its impeccable timing in the market, Windows XP became Microsoft's longest running client OS ever—and a defining part of consumer computing history still remembered today. 20 years later, the nostalgia and appreciation for this beloved OS persist in technology culture. As Microsoft's most impactful and enduring client operating system ever, Windows XP still carries an unforgettable legacy.