Windows 10, released in 2015, is Microsoft's latest operating system designed for personal computers, tablets, embedded systems and Xbox One video game consoles. Windows 10 was designed to be familiar to users of Windows 7, but includes many new features and capabilities. In this review, we analyze some of the most significant updates and changes introduced in Windows 10 from a technical perspective.
Architecture and System Requirements
Windows 10 utilizes the same kernel and core architecture as Windows 8 and 8.1. However, some significant changes were made under the hood to improve performance and enhance capabilities. The minimum hardware requirements for Windows 10 are fairly modest—most PCs that could run Windows 7 or 8 can also run Windows 10 without issue. The recommended system requirements for optimal performance include a 1GHz processor, 1GB RAM for 32-bit versions or 2GB RAM for 64-bit versions, 16GB storage space and DirectX 9 graphics support.
One major architectural change with Windows 10 is the move to a "Universal Windows Platform" (UWP) app model. UWP allows developers to create apps that can run across multiple types of devices including PCs, tablets, smartphones and Xbox One. This aims to provide a more unified and consistent experience for app developers and users across different platforms.
Installation and Deployment
The upgrade process from earlier Windows versions has been streamlined in Windows 10. Users with Windows 7 SP1 or Windows 8.1 can upgrade directly to Windows 10 for free through Windows Update. System administrators also have improved tools for deploying Windows 10 across multiple devices, including the ability to pre-configure installation settings.
However, it is still recommended to perform clean OS installations when possible, especially on older systems. Windows 10 also has an advanced “reset” function which can restore the OS to a clean state without losing personal files and settings. This simplifies recovering from issues caused by faulty installations or driver problems.
User Interface
The desktop user interface (UI) in Windows 10 will look very familiar to Windows 7 users at first glance. However, Microsoft made some significant enhancements to usability and productivity. The full-screen Start Menu returns, combining aspects of both Windows 7 and 8. Resizing and moving tiles is easier with more side-by-side customization options. Frequently used apps can be “pinned” to the taskbar for quick access.
The Action Center consolidates notifications in one place and provides quick access to settings. Task View enables easy switching between open apps and desktops. Snap Assist allows side-by-side viewing and comparison of multiple apps or documents. Small usability enhancements like shaking windows to minimize and virtual desktops improve the overall polish of the Windows 10 UI.
Performance and Reliability
Windows 10 offers faster boot times, quicker resume from sleep, and smoother, more responsive performance overall compared to earlier versions like Windows 7 or 8. Microsoft optimized many internal functions to better leverage modern hardware capabilities like multi-core CPUs and solid-state drives.
Reliability and system stability have also greatly improved in Windows 10. Critical processes and components like the network stack, storage drivers, video subsystem, and kernel have undergone extensive code refactoring to reduce crashes and hangs. Windows 10 continually applies updates and bug fixes in the background to enhance stability over time.
Security
Security received a major overhaul in Windows 10. Windows Defender, Microsoft's built-in anti-virus program, is enabled by default, providing constant scanning and real-time threat protection. The integrated Windows Firewall has also been improved with more robust rule sets and logging capabilities.
Enterprises can use new features like Windows Hello and Azure Active Directory for stronger multi-factor authentication and single sign-on. Device Guard provides strict locking down of applications and policies to prevent unwanted system changes. BitLocker and Virtual Secure Mode enable trusted boot capabilities and encryption of data at rest.
Overall, Windows 10 has the most layered and robust security capabilities of any Windows version to date. However, maintaining strong security practices is still essential regardless of OS version.
Networking
Networking capabilities have been enhanced in Windows 10 with improved native support for advanced protocols like Network Virtualization, and quality of service controls. Mobile and broadband connectivity is better with stronger Wi-Fi handling, cellular data usage controls, and tethering options.
Businesses can leverage peer-to-peer delivery options for OS and app updates, using local network resources for caching and downloading updates, reducing internet bandwidth usage. For remote access, users can establish Remote Desktop connections directly within Windows 10 itself.
Management and Deployment
Windows 10 provides simplified tools for device management and deploying custom settings. Group Policy improvements include new templates and filters as well as enhanced control over user profiles and folders. The new Settings app offers modern configuration options for many OS features and services.
Mobile Device Management (MDM) has expanded with more granular policy controls for encrypting devices, restricting apps, and enabling multi-factor authentication. The Windows-as-a-Service model allows continuous background updates to installed apps and the OS itself. Overall, Windows 10 gives strong options for effectively managing and locking down devices at an enterprise level.
The Verdict
Windows 10 provides a refined interface, solid performance and stability, strengthened security and modern device management capabilities compared to older Windows versions. The shift to Windows-as-a-Service means the OS will continue receiving ongoing updates and improvements over time. This makes Windows 10 well-suited for personal and business users seeking a robust, feature-rich operating system with longevity.
For those on older Windows versions, upgrading to 10 is highly recommended to benefit from the numerous enhancements and future support. Overall, Windows 10 represents the state-of-the-art in Microsoft's flagship operating system, offering something for casual and power users across desktop, mobile, and gaming platforms.